Totalitarizmas II WW2, IV Sovietų okupacija
Totalitarizmas (iš lot. totalis 'visa apimantis'; angl. Totalitarism, vok. Totalitarismus, prancūzų totalitarisme, rusų totalitarizmas) – politinė santvarka, kurioje valstybė valdoma be visuomenės dalyvavimo totalitarizme, priimami nepasitarus su visuomenės dauguma; Svarbiausia socialinė, ekonominė ir politinė veikla totalitariniame režime yra kontroliuojama valstybės. Tai tokia diktatūros rūšis, kai valdžia riboja žmones visose srityse. Diktatūroje valdžia priklauso nedideliam žmonių ratui ar net vienam asmeniui. Būdingi bruožai: valstybės valdžia sutelkta siauros grupės – klikos – rankose; opozicijos slopinimas, visuotinis teroras kaip valstybės valdymo instrumentas, visų gyvenimo sferų pajungimas valstybės interesams ir vyraujančiai ideologijai; nuolat mobilizuota visuomenė, naudojanti lyderystės kultą, masinius judėjimus, propagandą ir kt.; agresyvi, ekspansinė užsienio politika; visiškai kontroliuoti viešąjį gyvenimą.
Totalitarinių režimų laikotarpis Latvijoje chronologiškai skirstomas į 3 etapus: 1) pirmoji SSRS okupacija nuo 1940 m. birželio 17 d. iki 1941 m. liepos mėn.; 2) nacistinės Vokietijos okupacija nuo 1941 m. liepos mėn. iki 1944 m. rudens (Kuržemėje iki 1945 m. gegužės mėn.); 3) antrosios sovietinės okupacijos laikotarpis nuo 1944 m. rudens iki Stalino mirties 1953 m.
Totalitarizmo terminą sugalvojo italų antifašistinis publicistas Džovanis Amendola. 1925 m. šią sąvoką priėmė Italijos ministras pirmininkas ir diktatorius Benito Mussolini (Benito Amilcare Andrea Mussolini), o fašistai pradėjo jį laikyti savo politinės sistemos pavadinimu. „Totalitarizmo“ idėją iš italų fašistų perėmė vokiečių dešinieji intelektualai, tokie kaip filosofas Carlas Schmittas, liberalizmo ir liberalios valstybės kritikas.
Akademinėje bendruomenėje vyksta diskusijos, kurie režimai gali būti laikomi totalitariniais. Visuotinai sutariama, kad XX a. režimai nacistinėje Vokietijoje (1934–1945), SSRS valdant J. Stalinui (1929–1953), Kinijoje valdant Mao Dzedongui (1949–1976), Korėjos Liaudies Demokratinėje Respublikoje (Šiaurės Korėja), valdant Kimo dinastijai (1934–1945 m.). –1979) tokiomis laikomos nuomonės apie kitas šalis ar kitus laikotarpius nurodytose šalyse.
Daugiau informacijos šaltinių
Daina Bleyer. Totalitarizmas. Nacionalinė enciklopedija. https://enciklopedija.lv/skirklis/51186
Totalitarizmas. Vikipedija. https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Totalit%C4%81risms
Susijusi laiko juosta
Susijusios vietos
Museum of the Occupation of Latvia
The museum exhibits the history of Latvia from 1940 to 1991, under the occupation of Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union. ‘House of the Future’ is a reconstruction and expansion project of the Occupation Museum designed by the well-known American Latvian architect Gunārs Birkerts as well as the new exhibit of the museum. The exhibit ‘History of Cheka in Latvia’ was created by the Occupation Museum and it is located in the ‘Corner House’, which is the former USSR State Security Committee (KGB) building. Latvian Occupation Museum was founded in 1993. It tells the long-hidden story of the fate of the Latvian state, nation and land under the occupation of two foreign totalitarian powers from 1940 to 1991. At the end of 2020 the museum had more than...
Victory Park
Located in Riga, Pārdaugava, near the National Library of Latvia.
Victory Park is one of the largest and most controversial parks in Latvia. It occupies a territory of 36.7 ha, where a monumental ensemble glorifying the Soviet occupation power "For those freed from the German fascist invaders of Soviet Latvia and Riga" has been created. Built in the place where the 17th century fortifications and was the last known place of public execution in Latvia.
...Monument for the Freedom-Fighters
It is located in Tukuma, Mālkalna, Jelgavas street 15A.
The monument was opened in 1975 to highlight the merits of the Red Army during World War II. It served as a means of Soviet ideology and propaganda, symbolically strengthening the presence of the occupation regime in Latvia and creating the myth of the Soviet power as "liberators". The author of the monument is sculptor and resident of Tukums Arta Dumpe...
Privati karinė kolekcija Mundigcieme
Privati karinė kolekcija Mundigcieme. Aivaras Ormanis ne vienerius metus kolekcionuoja istorinius objektus – karines uniformas, uniformas, kamufliažas, ryšio priemones, buities daiktus, apsaugos priemones iš skirtingų laikotarpių ir šalių, siekiančias Antrojo pasaulinio karo, sovietų kariuomenės ir nepriklausomos Latvijos atkūrimo laikų.
Kolekcija šiuo metu nėra gerai prižiūrima, o eksponatai saugomi buvusiame kolūkio tvarte.
Alūksne Museum
The Alūksne Museum is located in an architectural monument of national significance: the neo-Gothic Alūksne New Castle built in the late 19th century. The museum features an exhibition named ‘Memorial Room for Victims of the Totalitarian Regime’, which tells about the fate of the inhabitants of Alūksne municipality in Siberia and the Far East, while the time periods from prehistory to the present meet in the Alūksne history exhibit ‘Feast of the Ages’. It features a separate section devoted to the contribution of the 7th Sigulda Infantry Regiment to the military, culture and public life. The formation of the 7th Sigulda Infantry Regiment began on 20 June 1919 in the Naukšēni Manor. Initially, a battle group of 22 officers and 1,580 soldiers was formed...
Museum of Melānija Vanaga and Siberian dugout
The Melānija Vanaga Museum is located in the Amata village school in Cēsis municipality. The museum showcases materials about the life, literary activity, family and destiny of writer and cultural historian Melānija Vanaga: video content about Siberia and the deported Latvians living there and a Siberian dugout taking its visitors on a trip to the writer’s place of deportation in Tyukhtetsky district, Krasnoyarsk region. The appearance and layout of the dugout form a realistic idea of life away from home. The dugout features unique historical objects brought there from the Tyukhtet Museum: a birch-bark dish known as ‘tuyesok’, a clay mug known as ‘krynka’ and a kerosene lamp. The museum features video interviews with politically repressed people from...
Soviet army military base in Pāvilosta - active recreation centre
During the Soviet era, a border guard unit was located here, other Soviet army units - liaison officers and a surface-to-air missile base were located several kilometres away in the forest. After independence, the Latvian army was stationed there.
The former Soviet army military base is now a recreation, leisure and camping centre - for personal development in interaction with nature and the people around.
...Cattle wagon used for deportations – museum at Skrunda train station
To commemorate the deportations of June 1941 and March 1949, a memorial stone and a four-axle wagon, which also serves as the museum dedicated to deportations, was erected at the Skrunda railway station. This is the first wagon-type museum in Latvia that holds a permanent exhibit of photos, letters, memoirs, documents and various items made by the people deported from the Skrunda station. Skrunda station was a location where deportees were gathered, and one of the three stations in the region to which people from the Skrunda and the Kuldīga area were brought. In 1941, the family of the first President of the restored Republic of Latvia, Guntis Ulmanis, was deported from here to Krasnoyarsk Krai in Siberia.
...Karosta, the Military port of Liepāja (tour)
The Karosta is the largest historical military territory in the Baltics and occupies almost one third of the entire territory of Liepāja. The Karosta is a unique compound of military and fortification buildings on the shores of the Baltic Sea with a special meaning in the history and architecture of Latvia and the world. The Karosta features such military heritage sites as the North Pier and forts, the Redan, Karosta Prison, Karosta Water Tower, St. Nicholas Orthodox Maritime Cathedral, Oskars Kalpaks Bridge and others.
Pāvilosta local history museum exposition
Named ‘Pāvilosta, a Closed Area’, the exhibit in the Pāvilosta Local History Museum is about everyday life in the town of Pāvilosta during the Soviet occupation; specifically, about the executive branch, border area, fishermen’s collective farm, and the cultural and social activities. In addition to the permanent exhibit, there is an interactive and emotionally rich digital exhibit in two languages and an audio-visual installation offering a film about Pāvilosta.
...Stende railway station in narrow gauge railway network and the memorial stone for deportations
The railway line Ventspils - Mazirbe, as well as the Stende - Dundaga extension to Mazirbe with a branch to Pitrags, were intended only for strategic military needs. During the construction of these lines, and afterwards, all civilians were evacuated from the region. The main task of the military railways in the Irbe Strait area was to provide the German army's coastal defence positions with guns and ammunition.
...Susijusi istorija
Deportation echelon secretly photographed at Skrunda station in 1949
On 25 March 1949, Elmārs Heniņš, a pupil in Skrunda, witnessed his classmates being taken away. He took his camera and climbed a pine tree on a nearby hill to document what was happening, later hiding the pictures.
Kolkos pakrančių apsaugos apžvalgos bokštas
Paskutinėse Kolkos rago pušyse pasislėpęs pasieniečių bokštas, kuriame sovietmečiu nuolat buvo pasieniečių postas, o šalia esantis nedidelis mūrinis pastatas dabar apleistas ir griūvantis.
The battle of February 23, 1946 in the vicinity of Zūru meža Dzelzkalni
1945/46. Misiņa's group spent the winter of 2011 in the Dzelzkalni area of Zūru forest, where several bunkers had been built. About 40 partisans stayed here. On February 23, 1946, the camp was surrounded by the internal affairs troops of the USSR and a fierce battle took place
As partisans in 1945/1946 expelled the occupiers from Kabyle
As partisans in 1945/1946 expelled the occupiers from Kabyle in the year / Article (lsm.lv)
Pēteris Čevers - national partisan and commander of a partisan group
Pēteris Čevera - national partisan and commander of a national partisan group
The role of the former lieutenant of the legion, Arvīdas Gailīš, in the liquidation of Pēteris Chever's group
Captain Pēteri Čevera and seven other partisans were captured on November 1, 1950 in the Engure forest massif, where the group of fake partisans of former legion lieutenant Arvīdas Gailīš (the agent-fighter's nickname was "Grosbergs") had stationed themselves by chance. It included operatives of the LPSR VDM and agent-militants who played the role of "forest brothers".
Landed Leonid Zariņš - the check turns out to be useless for recruitment
Leonid Zariņš was recruited as a CIA agent in the USA and in 1953 he crossed the border of the USSR on a plane from Germany and landed with a parachute near Auce. Unfortunately, one of the contacts he was supposed to be in touch with had turned out to be a double agent, and Leonidas was soon arrested. He refused to cooperate with the Chekists and was shot without trial in 1954.