Bermontiada I Nepriklausomybės karai

Bermonto kampanija yra Latvijos nepriklausomybės karo dalis, kurioje Latvijos kariuomenė, remiama Antantės sąjungininkų, kovojo nuo 1919 metų spalio 8 dienos iki 1919 metų gruodžio 3 dienos. Prasidėjo Bermonto kariuomenės puolimu Rygoje ir baigėsi jos pralaimėjimu bei išstūmimu iš Latvijos. Pavelo Bermonto vadovaujamos pajėgos buvo geriau aprūpintos ir persvaros, tačiau neseniai įkurtos Latvijos armijos kariai atsiliepė kovingai ir patriotiškai.
Lemiamas lūžis įvyko 1919 metų lapkričio 10 ir 11 dienomis, kai Latvijos kariuomenė išlaisvino Pardaugavą nuo bermontininkų, o Bermonto armijos (Vakarų Rusijos savanorių armija) kariai pasitraukė į Jelgavą, kurios išvadavimas lapkričio 21 dieną faktiškai pažymėjo bermontiatų pabaigą. Iki visiško Latvijos teritorijos išvadavimo dar laukė sunkūs mūšiai, tačiau Bermontidės buvo vienas reikšmingiausių lūžių Latvijos nepriklausomybės kare.
Tai buvo vienas kruviniausių Latvijos Nepriklausomybės karo (1918-1920) puslapių ir kartu naujai susikūrusios Latvijos valstybės žmonių tautinės valios liudijimas, pirmoji didelė Latvijos kariuomenės, kaip vieningo nepriklausomo dalinio, pergalė. Bermonto festivalis Latvijos istorijoje turi ne tik karinę reikšmę, bet ir Latvijos žmonių didvyriškumo liudijimą. Įnirtingi mūšiai įrodė, kad Latvijos žmonės yra pajėgūs kovoti už savo ateitį. Dauguma buvo vieningi kovoje ne tik už nepriklausomybę, bet ir už demokratijos idealus, socialinį ir nacionalinį teisingumą. Latvijai ši pergalė reiškė galutinį išsivadavimą iš Vokietijos ginkluotųjų pajėgų, taip pat galimybę sutelkti dėmesį į Latgalos išvadavimą iš Sovietų Rusijos valdžios.
Pavelas Bermontas-Avalovas (1877-1973) šioje kovoje buvo simbolis visko, prieš ką stojo naujosios Latvijos valstybės kūrėjai. Pulkininku apsišaukęs apsišaukėlis puoselėjo viltis atkurti buvusią Rusijos imperiją, niekindamas mažų valstybių teisę į nepriklausomybę. Žlugusios imperijos atgaivinimo kelyje naujoji Latvijos valstybė Bermontui turėjo lygiai tokį patį priešą kaip ir bolševikai Maskvoje.
Minint Pārdaugavos išvadavimą iš bermontininkų, lapkričio 11-oji dabar minima kaip Lāčplės diena, pagerbiant Latvijos karius.
Daugiau informacijos šaltinių
Celvezi.lv. 2020. Bermontiada - Latvijos laisvės kovų epizodas. Prieiga: https://www.celvezi.lv/raksti/vesture/bermontiade/ [žiūrėta 2021 05 06].
Susijusios vietos
Sudrabkalniņš hill - memorial for fight against Bermondt army
Located in Riga, Pardaugava, at the intersection of Sloka and Kurzeme Avenue.
At the beginning of November 1919, during the Latvian War of Independence, street battles between the Latvian Army and Bermont troops took place in Pardaugava. A decisive attack on the Bermont army took place in the area. In 1937, according to the project of Kārlis Zāle, a monument was unveiled in Sudrabkalniņa, honoring the fallen soldiers of the 6th Riga Infantry Regiment and highlighting the military features.
Designed as a memorial wall - a symbolic fortification, the gate of which depicts a lion blocking the path of an opponent's attack. Bricked from the stone blocks of the Daugavgrīva fortress protective wall and forged from the remaining granite of the Freedom Monument. The cost of the memorial site was almost 35,000 lats. For comparison, 4 “Ford - Vairogs V8 De Luxe” cars manufactured in Latvia could be purchased for such an amount.
Today you can see one of the most impressive places of remembrance of the War of Independence.
Bumbu hill firewatch tower
Latvian Freedom Struggle memorial site. During the Bermontiade in November 1919, the command post of the Latgale division led by Krišjānis Berķas was located here. 6. The Riga infantry regiment, attacking from Bumbu hill, captured Silver Hill.
A place of remembrance of the events of the Latvian War of Independence in Mārupe
It is located in the Mārupe region, on the side of the road between the Viesturi golf club and the Božu reservoir.
The memorial was opened in 2013. The history of the area is connected with the battle of the Latvian army against Bermont troops in 1919. Not far from Adainai's house, units of the Latvian army were stationed in combat positions.
During the War of Independence, due to the difficult situation, the Latvian government lacked the opportunity to supply the army with the necessary supplies. The appearance and armament of the soldiers varied. Most often, supply was based on the soldiers' ability to provide for themselves. At the end of September and beginning of October 1919, a Latvian military order came from Great Britain to eliminate the shortcomings. A month later, he also received a delivery of English armaments. With the first shipments, it was understood that Britain was getting rid of unnecessary stocks. Dirty, worn clothes and shoes, often too small, were also received. Soldiers wearing inappropriate footwear created health problems that affected combat capabilities. The garment was mended and re-stitched. The main unifying symbol was the 11-ray sun sign on the hat and a red-and-white armband around the left arm.
Today, several places of remembrance can be seen here. The facilities are part of a scenic, specially designed history and nature hiking route.
Guide Miķelis Yakunovs, +371 28353679.
The second monument to the soldiers of the first independent Latvia in Marupe
is located in Mārupe district, before the building of the golf club "Viesturi" on the forest road, opposite the sign to the golf training ground.
The authors of the project idea are Miķelis Jakunovs, Mārupe region guide, and Visvaldis Dumpis, the owner of the plot of land "Dumpmaļi".
In November 2014, during the week of Latvian patriots, in honor of Latvian soldiers, a second monument to Latvian soldiers was unveiled in the forest near Dzilnupīte, on the border of Mārupe and Babīte counties, in one of the battle sites of the First World War. The conceptual author and financier of the monuments is Visvaldis Dumpis, they were created by sculptor Ivars Feldbergs. The owner of the memorial, Visvaldis Dumpis, would like people to gather here not only on June 14 and March 25, but also on July 10, the anniversary of the founding of the national defense forces, and other important historical events for Latvians.
On November 9, 2018, an informative stand about the history of the place and attractions was opened near the monument. It is dedicated to the history of the place, telling about the "Adieņi" houses that once existed here and the Ķurbja family living there, the events of the First World War in the area, as well as the historical objects that can no longer be seen in nature - Dūči Bridge, Dzirnava Pond and Mill, Hunting Baths.
Memorial place of General Pēteris Radziņš
Located in Valka parish, driving on the road Valka - Rūjiena (P22) 4 kilometers, to the right, following the signs.
Pēteris Radziņš was born on May 2, 1880 in Lugavis Parish, Jaunvīndedze. Studied at Lugaži Parish School, Valka City School and Valka Nelson Real School. Joined the Russian army as a volunteer. In the autumn of 1919, he returned to Latvia and on October 27 was appointed Chief of Staff of the Commander-in-Chief of the Army, assuming this position at a time when the Bermontians were threatening Riga. As the chief of staff, he has led all the battles of Riga, Zemgale and Latgale. Promoted to General on February 5, 1920.
Today, a memorial stone dedicated to General Pēteris Radziņš (1880 - 1930) can be seen near the family house.
On November 11, 2017, a memorial plaque to Pēteris Radziņš was unveiled in Riga, at the corner of the Daugava gate.
Video: Memorial event of General P. Radziņš in Riga Brothers Cemetery in 2019
Video: On May 2, 2019, on the 139th birthday of General Pēteris Radziņš, a commemoration event took place on the embankment of November 11, near the Presidential Palace, covering the memorial plaque to the guard of honor and those interested.
The exposition of Valka Local History Museum “Valka - the cradle of Latvia's independence” also reflects the life and work of General Pēteris Radziņš.
In addition to the traditional ways of displaying the collection, the exhibition uses interactive multimedia solutions. Information and annotations translated into Estonian and English.
Alūksne Museum
The Alūksne Museum is located in an architectural monument of national significance: the neo-Gothic Alūksne New Castle built in the late 19th century. The museum features an exhibition named ‘Memorial Room for Victims of the Totalitarian Regime’, which tells about the fate of the inhabitants of Alūksne municipality in Siberia and the Far East, while the time periods from prehistory to the present meet in the Alūksne history exhibit ‘Feast of the Ages’. It features a separate section devoted to the contribution of the 7th Sigulda Infantry Regiment to the military, culture and public life. The formation of the 7th Sigulda Infantry Regiment began on 20 June 1919 in the Naukšēni Manor. Initially, a battle group of 22 officers and 1,580 soldiers was formed from the reserve battalion of the Northern Latvian Brigade, and was named the Dankers Division. It was included in the 2nd Battalion of the 3rd Jelgava Regiment. On 23 August, following an increase in the number of companies, it became part of the 7th Sigulda Infantry Regiment. Having taken part in the battles against Bermondt, on 5 January 1920, the regiment was transferred to the Latgale front to fight the Bolsheviks. After the signing of the Peace Treaty with Soviet Russia, the regiment guarded Latvia’s eastern border. The Latvian War of Independence saw the deaths of more than 200 soldiers of the regiment, while 85 were awarded the Lāčplēsis War Order. In 1921, the 7th Sigulda Infantry Regiment was stationed in Alūksne. The regiment’s headquarters were set up in the Alūksne New Castle. After World War II, the castle was taken over by Soviet security institutions. As of the late 1950s, the castle housed various cultural institutions: the Culture and Cinematography Department of the Executive Committee, a pioneer house, a library, a cinema and a museum.
Liepāja Northern Fort and Battery Nr.1 in Karosta
The Northern Forts are the best known and visually most impressive part of the Liepāja Fortress. Built by the Russian tsarist army in the late 19th century, their historical name is Fortress Battery No 1.
In November 1908, less than 10 years after its construction, the Liepāja Fortress ceased to operate, because its construction was acknowledged as a strategic mistake. Some of the cannons were dismantled and taken to the Kaunas Fortress in Lithuania, while others were remelted. Fortification structures were detonated twice in an attempt to destroy the fortifications. Elements surviving to the present day include artillery batteries not fully destroyed in the explosions and underground structures. Just like the Karosta, the Northern Forts were a closed military territory during the Soviet occupation. Visitors to the Northern Forts should be very careful. As in other places on the Latvian coast, the steep shore of the Baltic Sea in the Karosta is dangerous due to potential coastal landslides. Therefore, it is not allowed to walk under the ruins of the forts.
In the northern part of the fortress was located one of the four coastal defence batteries, Battery No.1. The battery was to house six 6-inch (152 mm) guns of the 1892 model of the Canet system, six 11-inch (280 mm) guns of the 1887 model and two 57 mm Nordenfeld anti-ship guns. Only the guns of the Canet system had a long enough firing range to withstand possible shelling by the German Navy. Thus, at the time of the liquidation of the fortress, the armament was only partially installed.
The Redan, Karosta
Redans, or Redana Fort, is located in Karosta, 14. novembra Street, about 1.5 km from the Northern Forts, in the nature reserve "Tosmare".
Historically, redans were elements of fortifications where longer sections of fortress walls were divided into shorter sections by building V-shaped positions facing the enemy, which allowed for better protection of the fortification wall. Karostas Redan is a late 19th century Liepaja Sea Fortress, projecting towards Lake Tosmare. As the fortress lost its fortress role, the fortifications and forts around it were partially blown up and rendered unusable. However, Redan remained almost intact.
In November 1919, after the failure at Riga, Pavel-Bermont Avalov's forces launched an intensive attack on Liepaja. The battle was also fought at Redan, where 80 soldiers of the Liepaja Military Port Commandant's Office under the command of Lieutenant Commander Radzins fought. In a swift attack on 14 November, the Bermontians managed to take Redan. This was followed by a counter-attack by Latvian troops and Redan was retaken.
In June, July and August, a knowledgeable guide will be waiting at Redan every day from 11.00-17.00, ready to tell you more about Liepāja Fortress and the historical events in the Karosta.
Karosta Water Tower
The water tower is located in Liepaja, in the Karosta, at 29 General Baloža Street - where the street meets Lazaretes Street. The water tower was an important building in the Karosta, as it supplied almost the entire Karosta area with drinking water. The exact time of construction of the water tower is unknown, but it could have been between 1903 and 1905. The project was probably designed by the St Petersburg architect Stefan Galenzovsky.
The water tower was powered by a steam engine with two coal boilers, one of which was kept in reserve, so there is an equally tall chimney next to the tower. The transmission powered four pumps, two of which were kept in reserve. Four boreholes supplied water to the pumps, which pumped it to a reservoir on the fifth floor of the tower and from there to the officers' apartments and soldiers' barracks in the Karosta.
When the Latvian Army took over the management of the water tower, the Ministry of War also took over the management of the water tower. After the Second World War, the Soviet Army took over the management. The water tower has been closed since 1989.
Although the tower was not a military building, in November 1919 the Latvian Army corrected the artillery fire of the British warships in the fight against the attack of the Bermont troops.
https://industrialheritage.travel/lv/objects/karostas-udenstornis/51
Nordeķi – Kalnciemas dune ridge
The approximately 30 km long dune ridge, which can be traced in nature from Iļģuciems (with minor interruptions) to Tīreļi today, is one of the most impressive landforms of the Seaside Lowlands, which is rarely perceived as a single natural formation. The dune was formed on the shores of one of the last Baltic glacial lakes, as the waters of the Baltic glacial lake receded. The dune ridge consists of two parallel 50–100 m wide dune belts. They are usually 6–10 m high, but their highest points reach 16–19 m above sea level. In the vicinity of Kleisti, Imanta and Beberbeķi, the beautiful pine forests covering the dunes are a popular place for walking, recreation and sports, and in winter - cross-country skiing. The part of the dune in the vicinity of Lāčupīte is associated with the events of the Bermontiades. On the dune in Pārdaugava is the Lāčupe or Lācaras cemetery . Between Pinkie and Babīte, the Beberbeķi Nature Park has been established to preserve the dunes. The western part of the Nordeķi-Kalnciemas dune ridge, approximately 10 km long, is called the Long Dune . Near the Long Dune (south of Trenči) is the Antiņi Brothers Cemetery , the Latvian Riflemen's Hospital medicine warehouse , and the renovated Latvian Riflemen's dugouts . South of the Long Dune is a massif of swampy forests and marshes, including Rāvājs and Maztīrelis . Opposite Maztīrelis is Ložmetējkalns with a viewing tower and a resting place and the so-called German rampart section . Even further west, near the Long Dune are the Latvian Riflemen Brothers Cemetery and the Piķi Brothers Cemetery. With greater or lesser interruptions, trenches are visible almost along the entire Nordeķi-Kalnciemas dune ridge. In the southwestern part of the Long Dune – in the swampy forests that adjoin it from the south, bomb craters from the First World War are visible. Along the entire length of the Long Dune (south of it), small forest paths run, suitable for walks and longer hikes – a great opportunity to explore the sites of the First World War battles.
Susijusi istorija
Apie pirmąjį Latvijos kariuomenės vadą Dāvidą Sīmansoną
Knygoje „Latvijos kariuomenės vadai“ esantys rašiniai įtikina, kad istorijai didelę įtaką daro konkretūs asmenys. Nors svarbiausių istorinių įvykių epicentre jie buvo neilgai, tikri Latvijos patriotai, turėdami turtingą karinę patirtį, sugebėjo daug nuveikti formuojant ir stiprinant Latvijos kariuomenę bei istorinių įvykių lūžio momentuose.
Ši istorija pasakoja apie pirmąjį Latvijos kariuomenės vadą Dāvidą Sīmansoną (1859-1933).
7-oji Siguldos pėstininkų pulko bermontiada, Didžiosios kunigaikštienės Valijos Veščūnos apdovanojimas Lāčplės karo ordinu Alūksnėje.
Po Latvijos nepriklausomybės karo didysis seržantas Valija Veščunas 1919 m. lapkričio 19 d. už kautynes su bermontininkais prie Plėnų namų buvo apdovanotas Lāčplės karo ordinu. Valija Veščunas viena pirmųjų perėjo Lielupę priešo ugnimi.
Latvijos kariuomenės generolo, dukart Lāčplėsio karo ordino kavalieriaus Pēterio Radzinio atminimui.
Generolas Pēteris Radziņš gimė Lugažų valsčiuje, Valkos rajone, paprastoje ūkininko šeimoje, kur išmoko dirbti ūkio darbus. Jis buvo labai protingas jaunuolis, baigęs mokyklą apsisprendė kariauti ir taip pradėjo savo kariuomenės kelionę, gelbėdamas Latviją nuo Bermonto kariuomenės. P. Radziņš buvo vienas iškiliausių Latvijos kariuomenės karininkų, apdovanotas daugybe Latvijos ir užsienio ordinais bei atminimo medaliais.
Prisiminimai apie Karo muziejaus kūrimo pradžią
Pasakotojas aprašo aplinkybes, kuriomis buvo įkurtas Karo muziejus. Minėtos problemos ir surinkimo darbai.
Kārlis Zāle ir Laisvės paminklas
Pasakotojas prisiminimus apie Kārli Zāli apibūdina kaip asmenį, sukūrusį žymiausius meno kūrinius Latvijoje. Aprašymas skirtas Zaalei atminti 1942 m. (K. Zaalės mirties metais). Atsiminimai parinkti K. Saale kūrybai charakterizuoti remiantis autoriaus asmeninėmis savybėmis ir pasaulio suvokimu.
Apie Sidabrinės kalvos atidarymo šventę
Ištrauka iš prisiminimų istorijos iš generolo Jāņo Baložo kalbos Sudrabkalninio paminklo atidengimo dieną. Visas tekstas yra atidarymo renginio atpasakojimas, prezidento Kārlio Ulmanio ir generolo Jāņo Baložo kalbos. Prisiminimai pasirinkti, nes juose vaizdingai matyti Sudrabkalnino apylinkėse kovojančios Latvijos kariuomenės būklė.
Kamuoliukų kalnas
Bumbų kalnas – aukšta kalva Bolderajos kopose, Kleistų miške, Rygoje. Latvijos laisvės kovų memorialas. 1919 m. lapkričio mėn. Bermontiados metu čia buvo Krišjānio Berkio vadovaujamos Latgalos divizijos vadavietė. 6. Rygos pėstininkų pulkas, puldamas nuo Bumbu kalno, užėmė Sidabrinį kalną. 1939 m. buvo įrengta atminimo lenta, kuri 1969 m. buvo sunaikinta. Memorialas atstatytas 1989 m.
Latvijos kariuomenės šarvuotas traukinys Nr.5 arba "Kolpaks"
Latvijos kariuomenės šarvuotas traukinys Nr.5 arba „Kalpaks“ buvo lengvasis šarvuotas traukinys Latvijos ginkluotosiose pajėgose 1919 m.
Priežastys, dėl kurių apdovanojimas buvo suteiktas šarvuočio vadui A.Klestrovui
Sėkmingai atremęs priešo puolimą, ginkluoto traukinio vadas A.Klestrovas krenta ir pulkininkas Dankeris išdavė pagrindą apdovanojimui gauti.
Kaip Latvijos valdžios pareigūnai kvailino Pampalio šalininkus bolševikus
Buvęs Pampalių mokyklos direktorius (iki 1959 m.) Alfredas Brūnsas asmeniškai parašė įspūdingą knygą apie Pampalių mokyklos istoriją ir su ja susijusius istorinius įvykius su autentiškomis nuotraukomis. Alfredas Brūns knygoje aprašo Nepriklausomybės kovų įvykius Pampaliuose, išsamiai aprašydamas įvykius, kuriuose dalyvavo Latvijos valstybės veikėjai, bolševikų rėmėjai, vokiečių kariuomenės veiksmai ir kt.
Unikalaus karinio objekto Karostoje istorija
Jau daug metų nepastebėjau, kad Senosios Liepojos gyventojai domėtųsi unikaliomis vietomis, esančiomis vos aštuonių – dešimties kilometrų į šiaurę nuo miesto centro. Tačiau miško tankmėje, kopų pakrantėje ar pelkių takeliuose pasislėpusios Karostos istorinės vietos – ne mažiau įdomūs istoriniai faktai ir istorijos, vertos seniai pamirštų legendų. Viena iš jų – buvusi SSRS 23-ioji pakrantės artilerijos baterija – bus šios istorijos tema.
Vilio Narkevičiaus kovinės veiklos aprašymas 1919 m. lapkričio 6 d
Būrio vado, vado leitenanto Juliaus Rozentalio Vilio Narkevičiaus kovinės veiklos aprašas, 1921 m. lapkričio 3 d.