Leedu, Läti ja Eesti militaarajaloo pärand, 1918-1991
Ajast, mil Läti ja Eesti esmakordselt iseseisvuse saavutasid, selle kaotasid ja jälle taastasid, leidub hulgaliselt suuri ajaloosündmusi meenutavaid materjale - lahingupaigad, sõjaväerajatised, fotod ja mälestused. Kokku loovad need mõjusa sõjalise pärandi loo sellest, kuidas I maailmasõja taustal tekkisid kaks uut riiki, kuidas nad iseseisvussõdade ajal oma ellujäämise nimel võitlesid, kuidas neid II maailmasõda laastas, kuidas metsavennad pidasid nõukogude vastast võitlust veel kümme aastat pärast sõja lõppu ja kuidas taastati iseseisvus aastakümneid kestnud okupatsiooni järel. See on lugu poliitilistest sündmustest, inimestest ja nende elust sõdades ja okupatsioonide ajal. 20. sajandi sõjaajalugu on esitatud läbi nelja perioodi:
I maailmasõda / Vabadussõjad (1914-1920)
I maailmasõda (1914-1918)
Enne Eesti ja Läti Vabariigi väljakuulutamist teenisid eesti ja läti sõdurid I maailmasõja ajal Tsaari-Venemaa armees. Ehkki mõlemad riigid kuulutasid sõja lõpuks välja iseseisvuse, ei toonud see meie rahvastele rahu. Eesti ja Läti pidid oma olemasolu kaitsma mitme poliitilise jõu ambitsioonide eest. Saksamaa püüdis haarata Läti ja Eesti territooriumi, baltisakslased tegid katset rajada oma riiki, Nõukogude Venemaa tahtis annekteerida Balti riike ja endised tsaariarmee ohvitserid tegutsesid eesmärgiga puruks lüüa bolševikud ja tuua Balti kubermangud tagasi Venemaa rüppe.
Läti Vabariigi väljakuulutamine
Saksa väed okupeerisid tänased Vidzeme ja Latgale alad veebruaris 1918. Märtsis kirjutas Nõukogude Venemaa alla Brest-Litovski rahulepingule, millega loobus Kuramaa, Zemgale ja Sēlija valitsemise õigustest. 1918. a oktoobris esitas Läti rahvuslik-poliitlise liikumise demokraatlik blokk Saksamaale petitsiooni, milles teatas, et lätlased soovivad välja kuulutada rahvusvaheliselt tunnustatud riigi ja Saksa väed peavad lahkuma. Läti Rahvusnõukogu kuulutas iseseisva Läti Vabariigi välja 18. novembril 1918.
Eesti Vabariigi väljakuulutamine
Pärast 1917. a bolševike revolutsiooni (Oktoobrirevolutsioon) lepiti kokku I maailmasõja vaherahus. Eestlased olid juba alustanud rahvuslike väeosade organiseerimisega. Saksamaa rikkus vaherahu ja tungis Eestisse, mis sundis bolševikud Eestist põgenema. 24. veebruaril 1918 kuulutas Eesti tekkinud võimuvaakumis välja oma iseseisvuse. Saksa väed hõivasid Tallinna järgmisel päeval, kuid I maailmasõja lõpul novembris 1918, taastas Eesti Ajutine Valitsus võimu riigis.
Vabadussõjad (1918-1920)
Esimese maailmasõja lõpp tähistas ühtlasi ka vabadussõja algust nii Eestis kui Lätis. Kaks noort riiki võitlesid üheaegselt mitme vaenlasega ja tõestasid oma suutlikkust eksisteerida iseseisva riigina.
Läti vabadussõda
Esimese maailmasõja lõpul tõmbusid Saksa väed Lätist välja, kuid vaid mõni päev pärast vabariigi väljakuulutamist tungis sellele kallale Nõukogude Venemaa Punaarmee. Sõda lõppes rahulepinguga, millele Läti ja Venemaa kirjutasid alla 11. augustil 1920, ja milles Venemaa „tunnustab tingimusteta Läti riigi iseseisvust ja suveräänsust ning loobub vabatahtlikult ja igaveseks ajaks kõigist suveräänõigustest, mis olid Venemaal Läti rahva ja maa kohta".
Eesti vabadussõda
Punaarmee hõivas piirilinna Narva 28. novembril 1918, mis tähistas sõja algust. Pärast enam kui aastapikkust võitlust mitmel rindel õnnestus Eestil Punaarmee tagasi lüüa. Rahuleping Venemaaga kirjutati alla 2. veebruaril 1920. a Tartus, leping tunnustas Eesti iseseisvust igaveseks ja kaks riiki leppisid kokku riigipiirides.
Independence of the Baltic States 1920 – 1940
After the end of hostilities, the three Baltic States (plus Finland, which was often seen as part of the region at that time) began to recover from the damage that was caused by the war. There were also efforts to set up new government institutions and national identities. War refugees came home, agrarian reforms were implemented, industry and infrastructure were renewed and expanded, and exports were expanded. There were free and democratic elections, and the nations adopted constitutions and laws on the basis of examples from European democracies. Education, literature and culture flourished once again. The countries also developed their militaries and paramilitary forces. Although by the mid-1930s, all three Baltic States were governed by non-democratic regimes, most civil rights were still preserved. As a new world war approached, however, authoritarianism and weak cooperation between the Baltic States, particularly in military terms, would become ever more fateful for the independence of the three nations.
Independence of Latvia
The first post-war task for the Latvian state was to reach an agreement with Estonia, Lithuania and Poland on the new country’s borders. This was achieved, though not without some disputes. By 1922, many nation-building tasks were accomplished - the first elected parliament, Latvia’s new constitution, the Satversme, the national currency lats, the office of the President, international recognition, and membership in the League of Nations. The standard of living gradually improved along with manufacturing and exports. In May 1934, Latvia became the last of the three Baltic States to undergo an authoritarian coup, but the regime of Kārlis Ulmanis proved to be rather moderate. Latvia’s army, fleet and air force were developed and given new types of weapons. A military training area was established at Ādaži, and there was a whole system aimed at protecting the coastline along the Bay of Rīga. The volunteer Home Guard became important as a paramilitary force. There were plans to construct defensive lines against the USSR and Germany, but in practice, this was not done.
Independence of Estonia
Estonia freed its territory of invaders more quickly than the other Baltic States, and it approved its first Constitution in 1920. Unlike in Latvia and Lithuania, the offices of Prime Minister and President were partly merged into the post of State Elder, but the country’s legislature had more power than the others had. Estonia implemented land reforms similar to those that were pursued in Latvia, however a small, but radical movement of Communists soon appeared. In 1924, the government arrested a series of them, and during the trial, the Soviet Union sent men to Tallinn to attempt a coup on November 1. It took the Estonian government just five hours to reinstate order. The national economy and standard of living grew and developed. Estonia had its armed forces, as well as a volunteer Defence League. During the early 1930s, however, there were increasing calls to institute a presidential form of government, and a radical organisation of war veterans, “Vaps,” became advocates of this. In March 1934, State Elder Konstantin Päts led a coup which the army and the Parliament supported. A new constitution was adopted in 1938 and the work of Parliament was reinstated. The post of President of Estonia was also established.
Independence of Lithuania
The Constituent Assembly of Lithuania was active from 1920 to 1922 and adopted the state constitution, laid the foundations for land reform and passed the most important state laws regulating the social life of citizens. In 1921, Lithuania became a full member of the League of Nations.
1920–1926 was the period of Lithuanian democracy when the country was governed by a democratically appointed Lithuanian parliament (Lit. Seimas) and presidents elected by its members. The Christian Democratic Party had a majority in the First and Second Seimas, while the Third Seimas was a coalition of Social Democrats and Popular Peasants.
On the night of 17 December 1926, a military coup was organised and carried out in Lithuania by officers associated with the Union of Lithuanian Nationalists and Christian Democrats. As a result of the coup, an autocratic political system was established, with Antanas Smetona as president. He remained in power until 1940. During this period, A. Smetona relied on the army and the Lithuanian Nationalist Union.
II maailmasõda (1939-1945)
Teise maailmasõja algul deklareerisid nii Läti kui Eesti oma neutraalsust. Nõukogude Liidu ja Saksamaa vaheline leping oli kahe totalitaarse režiimi vahel juba jaganud mõjusfäärid ja peagi okupeeris NL Balti riigid. Nõukogude võimu vahetasid 1941. a välja sakslased, kuid 1944. a. algas taas nõukogude okupatsioon. Paljud eesti ja läti mehed olid sõjas sunnitud võitlema ühe või teise võõrvõimu poolel.
II maailmasõda Lätis
Nõukogude Liit esitas Lätile ultimaatumi nõudmisega paigutada riiki piiramatul arvul vägesid. Nõukogude okupatsioon algas 17. juunil 1940. Saksa armee tungis sisse 1941. a suvel. Nõukogude armee võttis Riia tagasi 13. oktoobril 1944 ja Saksa armee taganes Kuramaale, kus nad jäid piiramisrõngasse kuni sõja lõpu ja Saksamaa kapituleerumiseni.
II maailmasõda Eestis
Eesti oli samuti määratud nõukogude mõjusfääri ja jagas Läti saatust, esiteks alludes ultimaatumile, millele teiseks järgnes 17. juunil 1940 alanud nõukogude okupatsioon. 1941. a juulis tõrjusid pealetungivad Saksa väed Punaarmee Eestist välja. 1944. a alguses algas nõukogude vägede pealetung ja II maailmasõja kõige dramaatilisemad lahingud Eesti pinnal toimusid Narva jõel. 22. septembril sisenes Punaarmee Tallinna ja algas 47 aasta pikkune nõukogude okupatsioon.
Rahvuslik partisaniliikumine, metsavennad (1944 -1957)
Nõukogude okupatsioonirežiimi alguses keeldusid paljud mehed koostööst, varjasid end metsas ja jätkasid võitlust punavõimu vastu. Paljud kartsid repressioone Saksa või Soome armees teenimise pärast.
Rahvuslik partisaniliikumine Lätis
Vastupanuliikumine Lätis oli reaktsioon okupatsioonirežiimi kuritegude vastu ning katse taastada Läti iseseisvust. Kõige ägedamad lahingud nõukogude vägede vastu toimusid 1945. aastal Stompaki soos Latgales ja Kabiles Vidzemes. Partisanivõitlus kestis Lätis 1950. aastate teise pooleni.
Metsavendlus Eestis
Paljud eestlased lootsid, et lääneriigid ei luba Eesti taasokupeerimist ja nõukogude võim lõpeb peagi. Metsavennad lahkusid kodudest, rajasid punkrid ja peidupaigad metsades ning korraldasid rünnakuid nõukogude asutuste vastu. Relvastatud Võitluse Liit loodi 1946. a eesmärgiga taastada Eesti iseseisvus. Viimased suured Nõukogude julgeoleku operatsioonid metsavendade vastu toimusid 1953. aastal, üksikuid haaranguid tehti veel kuni 1957. aastani.
Nõukogude okupatsioon / Iseseisvuse taastamine (1945-1991)
Külma sõja perioodil leidsid Balti riigid end kahe vastasjõu vahelt. Eestisse ja Lätisse paigutati suured nõukogude sõjaväeosad, rajati lennuväljad, sõjasadamad ja tuumaraketibaasid. Raudne eesriie eraldas inimesed ülejäänud maailmast. Läti ja Eesti taastasid oma iseseisvuse vastavalt 1990. ja 1991 . aastal, kui NL kokku varises.
Nõukogude okupatsioon ja iseseisvuse taastamine Lätis
Okupatsiooni ajal oli Lätis 3009 väeüksust enam kui 700 paigas, hõivates 3% riigi territoorriumist. 1990. a. oli Lätis umbes 80 000 sõjaväelast ja 223 militaarstruktuuride allüksust. Nõukogude Läti Ülemnõukogu võttis 4. mail 1990 vastu deklaratsiooni Läti iseseisvuse taastamise kohta.
Nõukogude okupatsioon ja iseseisvuse taastamine Eestis
Teise maailmasõja järel paigutati Eestisse 120 000 nõukogude sõjaväelast. Nõukogude armeel oli 1665 sõjaväebaasi, mis hõlmasid umbes 900 km2 ehk 5% Eesti pindalast. Eesti NSV Ülenõukogu võttis 20. augustil 1991 vastu iseseisvusdeklaratsiooni, millega taastati Eesti Vabariik.
Restored Independence 1991-...
The three Baltic States fully restore their independence, and the occupying regime collapsed. For several years, there had to be a serious battle over difficult compromises with the heir to the occupant military, Russia, about the withdrawal of its armed forces. This was ultimately done by 1995. Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania begin to solve the consequences of the occupation, to restore halted institutions or establish new ones. This also included internal and external security organisations. Western countries offered a helping hand by offering knowledge and equipment. There was unbending movement toward the return to Europe’s political heights, and joining the Euro-Atlantic alliance so as to ensure that the experiences of the 1930s, during which the countries were all alone, would not be repeated. Membership in the EU, NATO and the euro zone represents a form of “life insurance,” particularly when, during the 21st century, authoritarian Russia began its aggression against Georgia and Ukraine. This time, however, the Baltic “sisters” are a part of the community of allies and the Western world. They are no longer alone.
Restored Independence of Latvia
Gradual separation from the USSR was a difficult task. In January 1991, the Soviet military attacked protesters in Vilnius, and the Soviet Latvian Supreme council called on the people of Latvia to defend nationally important objects in Rīga against potential Soviet attacks. For a full year, there were attacks against customs facilities on Latvia’s borders. The last attempt to preserve the “Red Empire” occurred in August 1991, but the putsch in Moscow failed, and Latvia’s fully restored independence was recognised by the international community. The Constitution, Saeima [Parliament], lats [national currency] and armed forces were reestablished, and the National Guard was also established. Long and difficult negotiations achieved the withdrawal of the Russian army by September 1994. The exception was a radar station at Skrunda, which was left by the last soldier in October 1999. Latvia set its sights on European Union and NATO membership, and it succeeded in joining the two organisations in 2004. There were reforms to national governance and economic systems. The army was developed further, and it began to take part in international military operations. Mandatory drafting into the military ended, but after Russia’s hidden invasion of Ukraine, it was decided to increase defence spending. After the full Russian invasion into Ukraine, drafting into the National Armed Forces was reinstated. New military equipment was purchased, and infrastructure was built to enhance the battle capabilities of Latvia and NATO troops that were posted to Latvia. Nearly all of the monuments with Soviet power symbols were dismantled during the 1990s.
Restored Independence of Estonia
Estonia’s period of transition began on March 30, 1990, and it was comparatively more peaceful. After the announcement of the full restoration of independence during the August putsch, barricades were set up around strategic objects in Estonia, and crowds gathered there to defend them. Soviet “OMON” forces also attacked Estonian customs facilities. Estonia organised its first post-occupation parliamentary and presidential elections in 1992 after the adoption of a new constitution. The country renewed its armed forces and Defence League. It was hard to get the Russian army to withdraw from Estonia by September 1994. The exception was a submarine base at Paldiski, which was closed one year later. Estonia was the first Baltic State to become a candidate country of the European Union in 1998. In the event, however, it joined the EU and NATO together with Latvia and Lithuania in 2004. Estonia, unlike its southern neighbours, did not repeal mandatory military service. Troops took part in international military and peacekeeping operations. Since 2014, Estonia has strengthened the development of its military, particularly focusing on digital defence. In 2022, it dismantled monuments which contained Soviet occupation symbols.
Restored Independence of Lithuania
On 11 March 1990, Lithuania became the first republic of the Soviet Union to regain its independence and challenge the Soviet empire. The structures necessary for the existence of an independent state, including national defence, were immediately established. The Ministry of National Defence was established in April 1990. This came at a price: the economic blockade of Lithuania in 1990; and the tragic events of 1991 (13 January, 31 July, 21 August, and others), which claimed the lives of the defenders of Lithuanian independence.
During the negotiations on the withdrawal of the Russian (former Soviet) troops, Lithuania maintained the principled position that the presence of these troops on Lithuanian territory was, and is, illegitimate.
Lithuania also did not recognise the occupying army's right to the buildings and other structures it used or constructed in Lithuania. On 31 August 1993, the last departing Russian military echelon crossed the Lithuanian border and Lithuania took full control of its territory.
Lithuania's accession to the European Union and NATO in 2004 was another significant victory, demonstrating Lithuania's commitment to democratic values and its willingness to defend its independence and statehood. NATO's Baltic Air Policing Mission was launched with the deployment of fighter jets at the Šiauliai (Zokniai) air base to control the airspace over the three Baltic states. In 2014, the mission was expanded to include Ämari (Estonia) and Malbork (Poland) air bases.
Russia's growing aggression has prompted developments in the Lithuanian armed forces. In addition to participating in international military operations, the country's defence capabilities have been strengthened: new defence strategies are being implemented, advanced military equipment is being acquired, and society's overall preparedness for aggression is being increased.
Almost all monuments in Lithuania dedicated to Soviet heroes, the Soviet system and the 'Great Patriotic War' were demolished between 1990 and 1993. However, the burial sites of Soviet soldiers from the Second World War, which were built according to the principles of Soviet ideology, remained. In the first decade of the 21st century, Lithuania's neighbouring state began to rebuild them, using funds to turn them into potential soft power tools. These efforts were stopped around 2010. The sites received renewed attention in 2022 and 2023, with the removal of monuments to Soviet 'liberators'.