Kurelians II World War II

Rubenis’ Battalion Museum is located in Ugāle. It is dedicated to the Battalion of R. Rubenis, who served and fought under General J. Kurelis in Kurzeme in 1944, the activities of the Kurelians and the national resistance movement. Museum has an exhibit on the activities of the Latvian Central Council (LCC) and its Ventspils group, as well as the LCC Memorandum with 188 signatures and photographs of signatories that is included in the Latvian National Register of the UNESCO Memory of the World Programme. The LCC was a joint centre of Latvia's highest political leadership with an underground government that operated during the occupation of Latvia from 1943 to 1994. It was formed with the aim of coordinating the activities of various Latvian resistance movements in order to restore Latvia's national independence. The museum also offers a trip to places significant to the history of the battalion (settlement with a reconstructed bunker in the Usma parish, battlefields in Renda and Zlēkas parishes, etc.).

The restored dugout of the 2nd Company of the Rubenis Battalion is located in a forest by lake Ilziķi in the Usma parish. The dugout can be viewed from the outside for free at any time. However, tours inside the dugout must be booked in advance.

The Battalion of Lieutenant Robert Rubenis was part of a military unit formed by General Jānis Kurelis, and it is known for not surrendering to the German troops and showing heavy resistance. From November 14 to December 9 in 1944 fierce battles were fought in Ugāle, Usma, Renda and Zlēkas parishes between forces of the 16th German Army, SD and SS units under the command of the Police General Friedrich Jeckeln, and the battalion of the Kurelian unit commanded by Lieutenant Roberts Rubenis. The men under Rubenis’ command were well armed and organized and did not associate themselves with any of the two hostile occupying powers. Their actions are considered to be the most wide-spread and longest in the history of the Latvian national resistance movement. In battles near Renda and Zlēkas about 250 German soldiers fell, while only 50 casualties were suffered by Rubenis’ men. The events of those days are represented by the restored dugout in the forest (sod-covered, log cabin dug in the ground) where the men of the Rubenis Battalion once stayed.

The museum is located a few kilometres from the centre of Renda parish. The exhibit tells about the 50-year-long resistance movement in Latvia: resistance to the first Soviet occupation, resistance to the Nazi German occupation, and the armed and non-violent resistance to the Soviet occupation. The exhibit is located in two buildings. The first building houses evidence of the first Soviet occupation and German occupation. The exhibit showcases a restored barn building where the focus lies on the National Partisan War. Between the two buildings there is a bunker with an authentic layout and trenches used by soldiers. Located near the museum in Renda, excavations, blindages and an obstacle course serve as a training ground for youth guards and anyone interested. Visits must be booked in advance.

One of the largest battles of the national partisans, called the Āpūznieki Battle, took place in January 1946 not far from here. The battle saw the Kabile National Partisan Group overpower much larger forces of the occupying power. Featuring information stands, the battle site is now home to a rest area.

The memorial is located near the Zlēki Manor ensemble, in the western part of Karātavkalns.  Around twenty boulders with the names of the people killed form a circle, and in the centre is a black marble obelisk about three metres high.

Some of those killed have been reburied at the Zlēki memorial.

In December 1944, in the vicinity of Zlēki, the German Nazi army carried out a large-scale operation against the civilian population.In the combat action log of Army Group Nord, an entry was made at 17.30 on 9 December 1944 that 161 people belonging to the "Rubens Brigade and units of the Red Arrow" had been killed on the enemy side during the action. In Soviet times, this figure was apparently taken as the total number of victims of the Zlēki tragedy, referring to civilians killed.

The course of the action is partly documented in the report of the head of the counter-intelligence section of the German 16th Army of 31 December 1944. It explains that from 5 to 9 December, under the leadership of the highest SS and police leader in Ostland, SS Oberruppenführer and Police General Friedrich Jekeln, a large-scale operation took place at Eichensumpf ("Oak Swamp") against the "Red Arrows" and the remnants of General Kurel's group at Abava.

At the end of July 1944, when the Red Army invaded the territory of Latvia, the German occupation authorities allowed Jānis Veide, the Riga District Police Chief and Commander of the 5th Riga Guards Regiment of the restored Latvian Guards Organisation, to establish the "General Kurelis Group of the Riga Guards Regiment". The head of the Military Commission of the Central Council of Latvia, General Jānis Kurelis of the Latvian Army, became its leader.

The Kurelis operated in Vidzeme until September 1944, when they moved to Kurzeme, where they were stationed in the houses of Stiklis in Puzes parish, Ilziķi in Usma parish, Iliņi in Ģibuli parish, and in Edole and other places in Northern Kurzeme. By the end of October 1944, the Kurelies had about 3,000 armed men, among them many former soldiers of the Latvian SS Volunteer Legion units, who joined the unit to realise their dream - the fight for Latvia's independence.

At the beginning of November 1944, the German occupation authorities' Supreme Police and SS leader in Ostland, SS Oberruppenführer Friedrich Jeckeln, began to restrict the group's activities and on 14 November arrested the Kurelian headquarters and more than 700 soldiers in Stikliai, Puse parish. The battalion commanded by Lieutenant Robert Rubens, with about 500 men in the Usma area, resisted and continued fighting until December 1944.

On the night of 19/20/1944, the Germans fought against the Germans. On November 19-19, 1944, a court-martial of the German occupation authorities was held in Liepāja Karaostas Prison, sentencing to death eight staff officers of General Kurelis' group - Colonel Pēteris Liepiņš, Captain Kristaps Upelnieks, Captain Jūlijs Mucenieks, Lieutenant Jānis Gregoras, Lieutenant Teodorma Prikulis, Lieutenant Jānis Rasas, Lieutenant Filipson and Adjutant Kārlis Valters. Three staff officers, Lieutenant Colonel Eduards Graudins, Lieutenant Arthurs Ankravs and Sergeant Vili Pavulāns, were pardoned for various reasons. On the afternoon of 20 November, the convicts were shot in the dunes near the Karosta prison, where a white cross can be seen today.

In 1994, a memorial to the officers who were shot was established in the dunes of the Liepaja Karosta. In 2012, after it was washed into the sea, the memorial was restored to its present location.
*** Translated with www.DeepL.com/Translator (free version) ***

The Soviet partisan unit was formed on 30 September 1944, when 19 soldiers of the German 283rd Police Battalion, under the leadership of Vladimir Semyonov, deserted with their weapons. The battalion was formed in 1943 from volunteers from the Latgale region and took part in the anti-partisan operations of the German occupation authorities in the territory of Latvia and Belarus.

The unit was called "Semyonov Unit" after its commander and only at the end of the war adopted the name of "Red Arrows", which was already spread by Soviet propaganda after WWII. By December 1944, the unit had 300-400 partisans. Most of them were escaped Red Army soldiers, former Legionnaires, including fighters left after the destruction of General Kurel's group. Although many Red Army reconnaissance groups were active in Kurzeme at this time, they avoided close cooperation because the activities of the commander of the partisan unit and its main core in the ranks of the German police were too suspicious. The Red Arrow's activities were relatively poorly organised and more focused on waiting for the end of the war. During its activities it carried out extensive terrorising of the local population.

Vladimir Semyonov, the first commander of the Red Arrow, drowned on the night of 10 December 1944 while knee deep tried to cross the swollen Abava River. His corpse was found only in the spring of 1945 and buried. He was reburied in Kuldīga in 1961.

The monument is located on the site of the "Red Arrow" and other guerrilla camps in the area (about 50-70 people), which on 7 March 1945 was surrounded and attempted to be destroyed by German troops.

A well-maintained, 9 km long walking trail created to commemorate the bravery and heroism of Latvian men during the Latvian Freedom Struggle in 1919.

The trail starts in Redana and runs through the forest area of Karosta, along the seashore and the Cietokšņa Canal, including a visit to the Tsarist-era fortifications and Soviet-era military heritage. The trail features 5 information boards, which introduce the creation of the Karosta and the fortification system that encircles the entire city, the 1919 Battle of Freedom in Liepāja, the military structures built in later years and life in the Karosta during the Soviet era.

On 18 November 1918, the independent Republic of Latvia was proclaimed, but several foreign troops were still stationed on the territory of the newly established Latvian state.
The Battle of Liepaja in November 1919 played an important role in Latvia's regaining its freedom, when, thanks to the heroism of the soldiers, the enemy was outnumbered almost 5 times. After the decisive battles in Liepaja, Bermont was driven out of Latvia

Monument at the Cirkale cemetery to the priests Ārija Stiebriņa and Velta Vaska, who were shot by the Germans on November 9, 1944. Created by sculptor J. Karlovs.

The two women were shot by units of the German Nazi army on December 9, 1944, along with other captured residents of the Zlēki area, deserters from the German army, or the like.

According to the stories, the young women joined the Rubenis battalion voluntarily. They traveled with the Rubenis battalion from Suntaži to Usma. However, during Jekeln's "Eichensumpf" operation, the young women were arrested on the road, taken to the Vēlogi forester's house for interrogation and shot together with a small group of other detainees. A woman, a resident of Cirkale, knew Ārija and managed to rebury the remains of both girls at the edge of the Cirkale cemetery and maintained this cemetery throughout the Soviet occupation.

Under the leadership of the Supreme SS and Police Leader in Ostland, SS Obergruppenführer and Police General Friedrich Jeckeln, a large-scale operation, Eichensumpf ("Oak Swamp"), took place from December 5 to 9, which was directed against the Red Arrow fighters and General Kurel's group near Abava.

The course of the campaign is partially documented in a report dated December 31, 1944.

The Rubenis Battalion soldiers' cemetery is located on the Kuldīga - Sabile road, opposite the place where Renda's doctoral thesis used to be located. There is a signpost by the road and a memorial stone is located just a few hundred meters from the road.

Lieutenant Roberts Rubenis' battalion was one of the parts of the military unit formed by General Jānis Kurelis, which did not surrender to the German troops and showed fierce German resistance. During the Usma period, the battalion's numerical composition increased to 650 men with four fully equipped companies, an ambulance and a farm team. Commanding staff: Lieutenant R. Rubenis, Lieutenant Filipsons, Private A. Druviņš, Private Šulcs, Private Briedis, Private Sergeant J. Rubenis, Private J. Bergs, Private Jaunzems.

From November 14 to December 9, 1944, fierce battles took place in the Ugāle, Usma, Renda and Zlēki parishes between parts of the German 16th Army, SD and SS units under the command of Police General Friedrich Jekeln, and a separate battalion of the Kureli unit commanded by Lieutenant Roberts Rubenis. In the battles near Renda and Zlēki, about 250 German soldiers were destroyed, while the Rubenis suffered about 50 casualties.

After the death of Lieutenant Rubenis, Druvinš announced to his men that he would henceforth operate on a voluntary basis, and as a result, several dozen men decided to secede from the Rubenis battalion. On November 20-21, 1944, a group of 11 people was captured by a German SD unit and, after interrogation, taken to a local forest and shot.

The Annahite Hunting Lodge in Stikli was the headquarters of the Kurelians during World War II from October 29 to November 14, 1944. This building has survived to this day.

The surroundings of Stikli are rich not only with swamps and forests, but also with sand. In 1897, the new Annahite glass factory began operating - this is how this Latvian settlement got its name Stikli. In 1900, right there on the shore of Lake Stikli, the so-called Annahite hunting castle was built, or rather, a building in which the factory manager lived.

Memorial site at the site of the battles of Lieutenant R. Rubenis' battalion on December 6-9, 1944, between the houses of "Vēveris" and "Dzilns" in Ugāle parish.

The "Border" houses in Skrīveri parish are the place where the formation of General J. Kurelis' group began on July 28, 1944.

A memorial stone for the Kureli people near the "Borders" house in Skrīveri parish, unveiled in 2015.

Strazde Manor is located on the side of the Riga-Ventspils highway and was the headquarters of General Jānis Kurelis' group from September 29 to October 28, 1944. The Skrīveri Battalion commanded by Lieutenant Colonel Eduards Graudiņš was stationed in the manor buildings. The Kurelis were a military unit formed in Vidzeme in the summer of 1944 from the Riga District Guards, whose goal was to restore Latvia's independence between the retreat of the German army and the attack of the USSR troops on Latvian territory.

Heavily rebuilt for the needs of a school (from 1922), it has lost its original appearance and proportions during the reconstruction. Strazde Manor is surrounded by a beautiful park.

In this building in Talsi, on November 3, 1944, General J. Kurelis and Captain K. Upelnieks held talks with SS Obergruppefuhrer F. Jekeln and other German officers. The historic building has been demolished, and a new building is being built in its place.

Former shop/police building in Talsi, Kr.Valdemāra 2, where the officers of General J. Kurelis' group headquarters were imprisoned from November 14 to 19, 1944.

Memorial stone to the Kurelians near the Annahite hunting lodge "Stiklos" in Puze parish, discovered in 1997, relocated in 2023.

An information plaque with a QR code is located near the stone, where an audio guide tells the story of the Kurelians.

A memorial site in the old Annahite cemetery, where soldiers and civilians killed on November 14, 1944 as a result of the German siege of the headquarters and main forces of General J. Kurelis' group are buried.

Memorial stones for the group of General J. Kurelis and Lieutenant R. Rubenis at the “Dzelzkalni” cemetery in Puze parish. Unveiled in 1997.

The memorial signs were installed even before the establishment of the Rubenis Battalion Museum.

The "Chubu" houses are located north of Ozoli in Renda parish. The clash with the Germans near the Chubu houses of Lieutenant L. Znutēns' 2nd company of Lieutenant V. Strautnieks' battalion took place on November 16, 1944.

The White Cross and the place of execution opposite the Liepāja Karosta Prison. Unveiled in 2000.

Memorial site at the site of the battles of Lieutenant R. Rubenis' battalion on November 18, 1944, between the houses of "Pērkonas" and "Mežzīļi" in Renda parish.

Hitler’s visit to the Headquarters of the German Army Group North in Malnava and the air defence bunker are mentioned as related sites. However, apart from the location – Malnava Manor, there is no other link between them.

From 12 to 28 July 1941, the headquarters of the German Army Group North, which was waging an attack against Leningrad, was located in Malnava Manor. The reason for the choice of location was practical: Malnava Agricultural School, which was located in a former manor house, had modern facilities: electric lighting, centralised water supply, showers, and sewerage. The headquarters of Group North was located in one of the side blocks of the manor, while the rest of the building continued to operate as an agricultural school. Hitler’s visit to the Group North headquarters in Malnava took place on 21 July 1941. Hitler and his entourage arrived in two Junkers aircraft, accompanied by nine Messerschmitt fighters. The visit only lasted for a few hours and is immortalised both in German military newsreels from the front and in the memories of the pupils of Malnava.

The air defence bunker, located about 70 metres from the manor house, was built at the beginning of 1944 when Soviet aviation began to dominate the airspace in the second half of the war. At that time, the retreat process of German troops was in progress. In 1944, the Headquarters of the German Army Group North stayed in Malnava from February to mid-July.